Programming with C and C++
C / C++ programming language
Programs
A set of instruction to perform a certain task is
called as programs
Software
One or more programs are called software
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01
10
Language
àTo communicate with other we
use language
Types of language
1. Low level àmachine language, assembly
2. Middle levelàC programs
3. High levelàFORTRAN,COBOL,BASIC
Binary
digit
Bit
0101010101111000000111
How to start C programs
My computer
↓
C:
↓
TurboC2
↓
Bin
↓
Tc
Start
↓
Runàc:\turboc2\bin\tc
↓
Ok
Full
screen àalt + enter
Close
à alt + x
Parts of C programs
· Head
· Body
· End
Details in C programs
1. Comments
2.
Header files
3.
Body (function)
4. Programs statement
/* Prog for display massage */
#include<stdio.h> (standard
input output header)
#include<conio.h> (console
input output)
main()
{
clrscr(); (clear screen)
printf(“Hello
world “); (print in format)
getch(); (get character )
}
Compile àAlt+F9
Run -àCtrl + F9
//my first prog in c++ Single line comments
/*Multilinee
comments*/
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
clrscr();
cout<<"Hello I Am Ravisha";
getch();
}
//my first prog in c++
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
clrscr();
cout<<"****************************\n* Name-Rishika gupta *\n*
college-G.E.C jagdalpur *\n";
cout<<"* brach-civil *\n* DOB-05/02/98 *
\n****************************";
getch();
}
/*Multilinee
comments*/
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
clrscr();
cout<<"Hello I Am Ravisha";
getch();
}
//my first prog in c++
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
clrscr();
cout<<"****************************\n* Name-Rishika gupta *\n*
college-G.E.C jagdalpur *\n";
cout<<"* brach-civil *\n* DOB-05/02/98 *
\n****************************";
getch();
}
Variable,
data types and constant
Variable
Variable is data name, which is used to store data
values, and it takes different values at different times
Roll_no,
name, mark
X
Y
Z
Rules
for variable creation
1. Must start with a character
2. White spaces not allowed
3. Special character not
allowed
4. Keywords not allowed
5. Should have meaning full
Q.
Find out the error in variable and explain why
1. a=L*&b
2. si=@p*r*t/100
3. date of birth
4. –year
5. 2011
6. 8area
7. area4
8. year_end
Data
types
Data type specify the value of any
variable
1. int (integer) ->whole
number
a. -32768 to 32767
2. float / double àreal number
a. 400.50000
3. char (character)àused for character
‘a’-‘z’, ‘A’- ‘Z’
int
var;
var=755;
float
var;
var=45.60000;
char
var;
var=’B’;
constant
value of variable is called constant which does not
change during programs execution
Format string
Conversion character
|
What for use
|
%d
|
int
|
%f
|
float / double
|
%c
|
char
|
%s
|
string
|
//wap to display the use of variable
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
clrscr();
//=====variable declaration ========
int roll;
float marks;
char grade;
//=====Value assignment =======
roll=101;
marks=76.89;
grade='B';
//*******=Display======
cout<<"Roll no ="<<roll;//cascading of insertion operator
cout<<"\n marks gained="<<marks<<endl;
cout<<"grade achieved="<<grade;
getch();
}
Operators
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
clrscr();
//=====variable declaration ========
int roll;
float marks;
char grade;
//=====Value assignment =======
roll=101;
marks=76.89;
grade='B';
//*******=Display======
cout<<"Roll no ="<<roll;//cascading of insertion operator
cout<<"\n marks gained="<<marks<<endl;
cout<<"grade achieved="<<grade;
getch();
}
Operators
Operator is a symbol which perform a specific task
on operand to produce a result
10
x
Equals (=)
This operator transfers the right side operand into
left side, and used to assign a value.
WAP
to interchange two values
//prog for interchange the value of var
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
clrscr();
int x,y,t;
x=20;
y=30;
cout<<"Before swap "<<endl;
cout<<"x= "<<x<<endl;
cout<<"y= "<<y<<endl;
//coding for interchange
t=x;
x=y;
y=t;
cout<<"After swap "<<endl;
cout<<"x= "<<x<<endl;
cout<<"y= "<<y<<endl;
getch();
}
Types
of operator
1. Arithmetic operator
a. +, -.*, /, %
2. Relational operator
a. <, >, <=, >=, =
=, !=
3. logical operator
a. AND &&, OR ||, NOT!
4. Conditional operator
a. ? :
5. Increment / decrement
operator
a. ++, --
6. Assignment operator
a. +=, -=, *=, /=,%=
Arithmetic
operator
+, -, *, /, %
This operator is used for mathematical
operation
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
clrscr();
float bs,da,hra,ts;
cout<<"enter the value of bs";
cin>>bs;
da=bs*0.4;
hra=bs*0.2;
cout<<"Da="<<da<<endl;
cout<<"Hra="<<hra<<endl;
ts=da+hra+bs;
cout<<"value of total salary"<<ts;
getch();
}
//wap to calculate simple interest
#include<iostreae.h>
#include<conio.h>
viod main()
{
clrscr();
float p,r,t,si;
cout<<"enter the p";
cin>>p;
cout<<"enter the r";
cin>>r;
cout<<"enter the t';
cin<<t;
si=(p*r*t)/100;
cout<<"simple intrest is"<<si;
getch():
}
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
clrscr();
float bs,da,hra,ts;
cout<<"enter the value of bs";
cin>>bs;
da=bs*0.4;
hra=bs*0.2;
cout<<"Da="<<da<<endl;
cout<<"Hra="<<hra<<endl;
ts=da+hra+bs;
cout<<"value of total salary"<<ts;
getch();
}
//wap to calculate simple interest
#include<iostreae.h>
#include<conio.h>
viod main()
{
clrscr();
float p,r,t,si;
cout<<"enter the p";
cin>>p;
cout<<"enter the r";
cin>>r;
cout<<"enter the t';
cin<<t;
si=(p*r*t)/100;
cout<<"simple intrest is"<<si;
getch():
}
Questions
1. WAP to accept basic salary
of employee and calculate net salary on following condition
a. DA is 40% of basic
b. HRA is 20% of basic
WAP to accept five subjects marks “Hindi, English math’s, science, social
science” and calculate total marks, percent
WAP to accept five digit number and display in
reverse order 12345à
54321
32146
64123
Relational operator
This operator is used to denotes relation between
two operand
<,
>, <=, >=, = =, !=
Control
statement
1. Simple if
2. if ……else
3. nested if…..else
4. if ……….else ladder
Simple if statement
//prog for simple if statement
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
clrscr();
int x;
cout<<"Enter any no ";
cin>>x;
if(x>5)
{
cout<<"X is greater no";
}
getch();
}
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
clrscr();
int x;
cout<<"Enter any no ";
cin>>x;
if(x>5)
{
cout<<"X is greater no";
}
getch();
}
If else statement
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main ()
{
clrscr ();
int x;
cout<<"enter the value of x=";
cin>>x;
if(x>10)
{
cout<<"the number is greater than 10";
}
else
{
cout<<"the number is lesser than 10";
}
getch ();
}
#include<conio.h>
void main ()
{
clrscr ();
int x;
cout<<"enter the value of x=";
cin>>x;
if(x>10)
{
cout<<"the number is greater than 10";
}
else
{
cout<<"the number is lesser than 10";
}
getch ();
}
//prog for if else statement
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
clrscr();
int x;
cout<<"Enter any no ";
cin>>x;
if(x>5)
{
cout<<x<<" is greater 5";
}
else
{
cout<<x <<"is is less than 5";
}
getch();
}
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
clrscr();
int x;
cout<<"Enter any no ";
cin>>x;
if(x>5)
{
cout<<x<<" is greater 5";
}
else
{
cout<<x <<"is is less than 5";
}
getch();
}
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
clrscr();
int x;
cout<<"enter the value of x";
cin >>x;
if (x>5)
{
cout<<"the number is positive no";
}
else
{
cout<<"the number is negative no";
}
getch();
}
Nested if else
//prog for nested if else statement
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
clrscr();
int x,y;
cout<<"Enter 1st no ";
cin>>x;
cout<<"Enter 2nd no";
cin>>y;
if(x==y)
{
cout<<"Both are equal ";
}
else if(x>y)
{
cout<<x<<" is greater "<<y;
}
else
{
cout<<x <<"is is less than "<<y;
}
getch();
}
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
clrscr();
int x,y;
cout<<"Enter 1st no ";
cin>>x;
cout<<"Enter 2nd no";
cin>>y;
if(x==y)
{
cout<<"Both are equal ";
}
else if(x>y)
{
cout<<x<<" is greater "<<y;
}
else
{
cout<<x <<"is is less than "<<y;
}
getch();
}
WAP to accept basic salary of employee calculate his
net salary “if his basic is less than
5000 there is NO tax and if basic is greater than 5000 and less than
10000 there is 5% tax and >10,000
there is 10% tax
WAP to accept any number and check the number is
even number or odd number
If………else ladder
Logical operator
AND
&&, OR ||, NOT!
The
logical operators are used when we want to test more than one condition and
make decisions.
Conditional operator
? :
(expr1? expr2: expr3)
Increment / decrement
Increment operator increases the value of any
variable by one.
X++
AND
Decrement operator decrease the value of variable by
one
· Prefix notation
o
++var / --var;
· Postfix notation
o
Var++; / var--;
x=20
y=++x;
x=21 y=21
a=5
b=a++;
c=++b;
d=++c;
b=? d=?
j=9
k=++j
l=j++
m=k++
n=m++
n=10,m=?
x=10;
y=x++;
z=++y;
x1=z++;
y1=x1--;
z1=x1++;
x1=? z1=?
7.
Assignment operator
+=, -=, *=, /=,%=
x=10
x+=5; OR x=x+5
x=15
x*=4;
The switch statement
The if
statement occurs so many times the complexity of such programs increases
dramatically. And programs difficult to read and follow. So the switch
statement tests the value of a given variable against a list of case values and
when a match is found, a block of statement with that case is executed.
switch(expression)
{
case value-1:
Block-1
break;
case value-2:
block-2
break;
…………..
……….
default :
default-block
break;
}
If you want to continuously repeat the any programs
or parts programs in certain number of times we use loop.
Types
of loop
· while loop
· do-while loop
· for loop
while
loop(Entry control)
in while loop first the conditions test
than proceed the programs
do-while(exit control)
in this loop first execute the programs then
condition test.
For loop
This loop is fixed loop and have three expressions
for(initialization expr;test expr;incre/decre )
Jumps in loops
Loops
perform a set of operations repeatedly until the control variable fails to
satisfy the test condition. The number of times loop is repeated is decided in
advance and the text condition is written to achieve this. Sometimes when
executing a loop it becomes desirable to skip a part of the loop or leave the
loop as soon as certain condition occurs.
Jumping out of a loop
break;
Skipping a part of a loop
continue;
Nested for loop
Nesting
of loops, that is, one statement within another for statement.
`
Array
The
variables can stores only one value at any given time. Therefore they can be
used only to handle limited amount of data. However we need to handle large
volume of data in terms of reading Processing and printing. So we need a
powerful data type
Array is a fixed size sequenced collection of
elements of the same data type
10 20 30 50 65 46 76
String Handling Function
C supports a large number of Strings handling function that can be
used to carry out many of the string manipulation.
Function
|
Action
|
strcat()
strcmp()
strcpy()
strlen()
|
Concatenates
two strings
Compares
two strings
Copies
one strings over another
Finds
the length of strings
|
User-Defined Functions
Function in, C programs can be
classified into two categorized namely, library functions, and user-defined functions, main is example of user-defined function and printf and scanf is
library function
main
is a specially recognized function is C. every programs must have a main
function to indicate where the programs has to begin its execution.
If
the programs may becomes too large and complex and as results the task of debugging, testing and maintaining
becomes difficult. If a program is divided into functional parts, then each
part may be independently coded and later combined into a single unit. These
independently coded programs are called subprograms that are much easier to
understand, debug and test. In C such subprograms are referred to as functions.
Definition of function
Ø Function name
Ø Function type
Ø List of parameters.
Ø Local variable declaration
Ø Function statements
Ø A return statement
All
the six elements are grouped into two parts, namely,
·
Function header (first three
elements)
·
Function body (second three
elements)
Category of function
Category 1: function with no arguments and no return values.
Category 2: function with arguments and no return values.
Category 3: function with arguments and one return values.
Category 4: function with no arguments but return a value.
Category 5: function that return multiple values.
1: Function with no arguments and no
return values.
|
|
No input
No output
 |
2: Function with arguments and no return values.
|
|
Input
No output
3: Function with arguments and one return values.
|
|
input
output
 |
4: function with no arguments but return a value.
|
|
No input
output
|
Recursion
When a called function in turn calls
another function a process of “chaining” occurs. Recursion is a special case
Of
this process, where a function calls itself.
|
main()
{
Printf(“Hello
world”);
main();
}
The scope visibility and lifetime of variable
The scope of variable determines over
what region of the program a variable is actually available for use (‘Active’).
Longevity refers to the period during which a variable retains given value
during execution of a programs (‘alive’). So longevity has direct effect on the
utility of a given variable. The visibility refers to the accessibility of a
variable from the memory.
Scope rules
Scope
The scope of a program in
which a variable is available
Visibility
The program’s ability to
access a variable from memory
Lifetime
The lifetime of a variable
is the duration of time in which a variable exist in the memory during
execution.
Variable storage class
1) Automatic variable (local /
internal)
2) External variable (global)
3) static variables
4) Register variable
static
àas the name suggest, the
value of static variables persist until the end of the program.
Structure
and unions
arrays can be used to represent a group
of data items that belongs to the same type, such as int, float, char. However,
we cannot use an array if we want to represent a collection of data items of different types using a single name. C
supports a constructed data type known as structure. A mechanism for packing
data of different type.
Structure is a
collection of data items of different data type
Declaration
of structure
struct
tag_name
{
Data_type member1
Data_type member2
…………………………
……………………….
};
struct
book_bank
{
char title[20];
char
author[15];
int
pages;
float price;
};
UNIONS
Unions are a concept borrowed from
structures and
therefore
follow the same syntax as structure. However there is a major distinction
between them in terms of storage. In structures, each member has its own
storage location, whereas all the member of a unions use the same location, it
can handle only one member at a time.
union item
{
int m;
float x;
char
c;
}code;
Pointer
Pointer is a variable which contains the address of
another variable.
int
*p;
p=&x;
File
management in C
The entire data is lost when either the
program is terminated or the computer is turned off. It is necessary to have a
more flexible approach where data can be stored on the disk and read whenever
necessary, without destroying the data. This method employ the concept of files
to store data, a file is a place on the disk where a group of related data is
stored, like most other languages.
File operations
1. naming a file
2. opening a file
3. reading data from file
4. writing data to a file
5. closing a file
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